Synthesis of oseltamivir carboxylates

ABSTRACT

Enzymatic pathways for production of aminoshikimate, kanosamine, intermediates, and derivatives thereof; nucleic acid encoding and cells containing the enzymes; compositions containing aminoshikimate, kanosamine, an intermediate or derivative thereof; and use of the cells and pathways for biosynthetic production of aminoshikimate, kanosamine, intermediates, and derivatives thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/763,485 and 60/763,484, both filed Jan. 30, 2006.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

Certain aspects, of the present inventions were developed with support under grant 5R01GM065541-04 from the National Institutes of Health. The U.S. Government may have rights in certain of these inventions.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to the biosynthetic production of 5-amino-5-deoxyshikimic acid or kanosamine and their conversion to oseltamivir carboxylates and other derivatives.

Aminoshikimate is an industrially important compound that can be used as a starting material in the formation of oseltamivir carboxylates for use in producing the antiviral drug formulation, TAMIFLU (Hoffmann-La Roche). Oseltamivir carboxylates are commercially produced using shikimic acid as a starting material. Traditionally, the shikimic acid has been isolated from plants, especially Illicium species, which include Chinese star anise (I. verum) and Japanese star anise (I. anisatum). Star anise seeds are industrially processed in a ten-stage procedure, which takes about a year, in order to obtain shikimic acid. A shortage of shikimic acid, sometimes attributed to insufficient quantities of star anise, has been cited as a potential impediment to the production of oseltamivir carboxylates. As a result, recombinant microbes, engineered to exhibit increased shikimic acid production, have been used to produce shikimic acid to help meet this need.

However, even with microbial synthesis of shikimic acid, the cost of converting shikimic acid to oseltamivir carboxylates has remained relatively constant. Two different major chemosynthetic routes have been reported for the conversion to oseltamivir phosphate, which is the active ingredient present in TAMIFLU, each of which utilizes many steps, e.g.: 10 steps, including three explosive and/or toxic azide derivatives; or 17 steps in an azide-free process. In both of these routes, about 4 of the steps are performed in order to add an amino group substituent at the 5-position of the shikimate ring. See, e.g., C. U. Kim et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119(4):681-90 (Jan. 29, 1997); J. C. Rohloff et al., J. Org. Chem. 63(13):4545-50 (Jun. 26, 1998); M. Karpf & R. Trussardi, J. Org. Chem. 66(6):2044-51 (Mar. 23, 2001); S. Abrecht et al., Chimia 58(9):621-29 (2004); Y.-Y. Yeung et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(19):6310-311 (May 17, 2006); Y. Fukuta et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(19):6312-13 (May 17, 2006); and T. Mita et al., Org. Lett. 9(2):259-62 (Jan. 18, 2007).

As a result, providing a process that does not require those steps can significantly improve both the speed and economics of the production of oseltamivir phosphate or other oseltamivir carboxylates. One way to help achieve this goal could be to provide biosynthetic 5-aminoshikimic acid, i.e. 5-amino-5-deoxyshikimic acid, as a starting material for the chemosynthetic oseltamivir phosphate production process.

Two biosynthetic routes for production of aminoshikimic acid have been reported. In the first, the wild-type bacterium, Amycolatopsis mediterranei (ATCC 21789), has been found capable of anabolic synthesis of aminoshikimate from glucose, using a biosynthetic route that involves formation of the high energy intermediate, UDP-glucose, transformation to UDP-kanosamine and then to kanosamine, followed by conversion of the kanosamine, in multiple steps, to aminoshikimate.

In the second route, two different organisms are used: 1) Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 21143), used for anabolic synthesis of kanosamine, also via the high energy UDP-glucose pathway; and 2) a recombinant E. coli, used to convert the resulting kanosamine to aminoshikimate. J. Guo & J. Frost, Org. Lett. 6(10):1585-88 (May 13, 2004) (published online Apr. 14, 2004 as DOI 10.1021/ol049666e); J. Guo & J. Frost, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(36):10642-43 (Sep. 11, 2002); also J. Guo & J. Frost, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(4):528-29 (Jan. 30, 2002). Yet, for commercial applications, this process would require two separate fermentations, with an intervening recovery of the kanosamine intermediate so as to at least partially remove Bacillus-expressed toxins and antimicrobial peptides therefrom. These multiple steps would introduce significant expense and decreased yields of aminoshikimate by loss of kanosamine.

Moreover, because both of these are high energy processes, they are metabolically expensive, and use of these processes would present commercially expensive routes to obtain an aminoshikimate starting material for oseltamivir phosphate production. A less energy-intensive process would be important in order to obtain an economically advantageous route.

As a result, it would be beneficial to provide a more efficient, less expensive route for biosynthesis of aminoshikimate. It would likewise be beneficial to provide an overall process for production of oseltamivir carboxylates that is similarly more efficient and less expensive than the current process. It would also be desirable to provide a process that can be used to produce other useful intermediates, as well.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments of the present invention provide improved processes for biosynthesis of aminoshikimate, and improved processes for oseltamivir production, which involve anabolic biosynthesis of aminoshikimate via a glucose-6-phosphate intermediate. Some embodiments of the present invention provide an improved biosynthetic route for production of kanosamine, which can be used for aminoshikimate biosynthesis or for other purposes. The biosyntheses of aminoshikimate or kanosamine are anabolic, using simple carbon sources, such as glucose, and do not require formation of high energy intermediates, such as UDP-glucose. These are also capable of operation in single cells of a variety of commonly used microbes that are amenable to very large scale cultures for commercial production of aminoshikimate or kanosamine; thus, the processes can, in some embodiments, be performed in a single fermentation.

Some embodiments of the present invention further provide:

Isolated or recombinant aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme systems that include (1) at least one 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) dehydrogenase, (2) at least one 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) transaminase, and (3) at least one 4-amino-3,4-dideoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (aminoDAHP) synthase, the enzyme systems being capable of catalyzing conversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P), 3KG6P to kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P), K6P to 1-imino-1-deoxy-D-erythrose-4-phosphate (iminoE4P), iminoE4P to 4-amino-3,4-dideoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (aminoDAHP), and aminoDAHP to aminoshikimate;

Such enzyme systems further including (4) at least one phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi); (5) at least one transketolase (TktA); (6) at least one 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthase, 5-amino-3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ) synthase, or combination thereof; (7) at least one 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) dehydratase, 5-amino-3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ) dehydratase, or combination thereof; and (8) at least one shikimate dehydrogenase, quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase, or aminoquinate/aminoshikimate dehydrogenase, or combination thereof; and optionally (9) at least one kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) phosphatase; and (10) at least one phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, a glucose kinase (Glk), or a kanosamine kinase.

Processes for producing 5-amino-5-deoxyshikimic acid (aminoshikimate) anabolically from a carbon source by use of such enzyme systems; nucleic acid encoding such enzyme systems; isolated or recombinant cells comprising such aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme systems or such nucleic acid;

Processes for preparing derivatives of aminoshikimate prepared by such anabolic processes by biosynthetically or chemosynthetically modifying the aminoshikimate; such processes that convert the aminoshikimate to an oseltamivir carboxylate, such as oseltamivir phosphate;

Aminoshikimic acid, aminoshikimic acid derivatives, oseltamivir carboxylates, and oseltamivir phosphate prepared by such processes; compositions comprising such aminoshikimic acid, aminoshikimic acid derivatives, oseltamivir carboxylates, and oseltamivir phosphate;

Isolated or recombinant kanosamine biosynthesis enzyme systems that include (1) at least one 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) dehydrogenase, (2) at least one 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) transaminase, and (3) at least one K6P phosphatase, the enzyme systems being capable of catalyzing the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P), 3KG6P to kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P), and K6P to kanosamine;

Processes for producing kanosamine anabolically from a carbon source by use of such enzyme systems; nucleic acid encoding such enzyme systems; isolated or recombinant cells comprising such kanosamine biosynthesis enzyme systems or such nucleic acid;

Processes for preparing derivatives of kanosamine prepared by such anabolic processes by biosynthetically or chemosynthetically modifying the kanosamine;

Kanosamine and kanosamine derivatives prepared by such processes; compositions comprising such kanosamine and kanosamine derivatives;

Kits comprising nucleic acid encoding at least one enzyme of such an anabolic aminoshikimate or kanosamine enzyme system, with instructions for use thereof to produce an anabolic kanosamine or aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system or to produce kanosamine, aminoshikimate, or a derivative thereof; and

Kits comprising at least one enzyme of such an anabolic aminoshikimate or kanosamine enzyme system, with instructions for use thereof to produce an anabolic kanosamine or aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system or to produce kanosamine, aminoshikimate, or a derivative thereof.

Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

DRAWINGS

The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.

FIG. 1 illustrates one 9-step and one 11-step pathway for biosynthesis of 5-amino-5-deoxyshikimic acid, followed by conversion to a derivative thereof, e.g., an oseltamivir carboxylate; this Figure also shows a 3-step pathway for kanosamine production that involves steps B, C, and D, as well as a pathway for production of aminoDHS derivatives that involves step M.

FIG. 2 illustrates results of aminoshikimic acid-synthesizing fermentations of E. coli SP1.1/pJG11.233 under fermentor-controlled conditions. Legend: kanosamine, grey columns; shikimic acid (SA), open columns; aminoshikimic acid (aminoSA), black columns; dry cell weight, closed circles.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates two different pathways hereof for aminoshikimate biosynthesis, one proceeding via a kanosamine intermediate and the other proceeding by a kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) intermediate without requiring formation of kanosamine itself; it also illustrates that either kanosamine or K6P can be biosynthesized in a first stage and then converted to aminoshikimate in a second stage of the enzymatic pathway.

FIG. 4 illustrates one exemplary chemosynthetic pathway useful for conversion of aminoshikimic acid hereof to oseltamivir using the following reaction steps: (a) EtOH, H⁺, i.e. acidified ethanol; (b) Ac₂O, H⁺, i.e. acidified acetic anhydride; (c) MsCl, Et₃N, i.e. mesyl chloride in triethylamine; (d) KOt-Bu, t-BuOH, i.e. potassium t-butoxide in t-butyl alcohol; (e) NH₃; (f) KOt-Bu, t-BuOH; (g) (CH₃CH₂)CHO⁻K⁺, (CH₃CH₂)CHOH, i.e. potassium pent-3-oxide in sec-n-amyl alcohol.

It should be noted that the figures set forth herein are intended to exemplify the general characteristics of methods among those of this invention, for the purpose of the description of such embodiments herein. These figures may not precisely reflect the characteristics of any given embodiment, and are not necessarily intended to define or limit specific embodiments within the scope of this invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEQUENCES

Sequences are presented in the accompanying Sequence Listing as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Sequences Listed SID Description 1 Coding sequence for 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) dehydrogenase (YhjJ) 2 3KG6P dehydrogenase (YhjJ) amino acid sequence 3 Coding sequence for 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) transaminase (YhjL) 4 3KG6P transaminase (YhjL) amino acid sequence 5 Coding sequence for kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) phosphatase (YhjK) 6 K6P phosphatase (YhjK) amino acid sequence 7 Coding sequence for 4-amino-3,4-dideoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (aminoDAHP) synthase (RifH) 8 AminoDAHP synthase (RifH) amino acid sequence 9 Coding sequence for phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) 10 Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) amino acid sequence 11 Coding sequence for transketolase (TktA) 12 Transketolase (TktA) amino acid sequence 13 Coding sequence for 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthase (AroB) 14 DHQ synthase (AroB) amino acid sequence 15 Coding sequence for 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) dehydratase (AroD) 16 DHQ dehydratase (AroD) amino acid sequence 17 Coding sequence for shikimate dehydrogenase (AroE) 18 Shikimate dehydrogenase (AroE) amino acid sequence 19 Coding sequence for glucose kinase (Glk) 20 Glucose kinase (Glk) amino acid sequence

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following definitions and non-limiting guidelines must be considered in reviewing the description of this invention set forth herein.

The headings (such as “Introduction” and “Summary,”) and sub-headings (such as “Enzyme Systems”) used herein are intended only for general organization of topics within the disclosure of the invention, and are not intended to limit the disclosure of the invention or any aspect thereof. In particular, subject matter disclosed in the “Introduction” may include aspects of technology within the scope of the invention, and may not constitute a recitation of prior art. Subject matter disclosed in the “Summary” is not an exhaustive or complete disclosure of the entire scope of the invention or any embodiments thereof.

The citation of references herein does not constitute an admission that those references are prior art or have any relevance to the patentability of the invention disclosed herein. Any discussion of the content of references cited in the Introduction is intended merely to provide a general summary of assertions made by the authors of the references, and does not constitute an admission as to the accuracy of the content of such references. All references cited in the Description section of this specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The description and specific examples, while indicating embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Moreover, recitation of multiple embodiments having stated features is not intended to exclude other embodiments having additional features, or other embodiments incorporating different combinations of the stated features. Specific Examples are provided for illustrative purposes of how to make, use and practice the compositions and methods of this invention and, unless explicitly stated otherwise, are not intended to be a representation that given embodiments of this invention have, or have not, been made or tested.

As used herein, the words “preferred” and “preferably” refer to embodiments of the invention that afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances. However, other embodiments may also be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful, and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the invention.

As used herein, the word “include,” and its variants, is intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that may also be useful in the materials, compositions, and methods of this invention.

Various embodiments of the present invention involve biosynthetic production of aminoshikimic acid, i.e. 5-amino-5-deoxyshikimic acid. The biosynthetic route employs an improved enzymatic pathway that is capable of converting a simple carbon source to glucose-6-phosphate, followed by conversion thereof to kanosamine-6-phosphate, which is then converted to 1-imino-1-deoxy-D-erythrose-4-phosphate (iminoE4P); the iminoE4P is then reacted with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form 4-amino-3,4-dideoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (aminoDAHP), which is then converted to aminoshikimate.

Referring to FIG. 1, some embodiments of the present invention can comprise the following steps:

-   A. Conversion of a simple carbon source to glucose-6-phosphate     (G6P); -   B. Conversion of G6P to 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) by     3KG6P dehydrogenase (e.g., YhjJ, such as SEQ ID NO:2); -   C. Conversion of 3KG6P to kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) by     3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate transaminase (e.g., YhjL, such as SEQ     ID NO:4); -   D. & E. Optional conversion of K6P to kanosamine by K6P phosphatase     (e.g., YhjK, such as SEQ ID NO:6); and of such kanosamine to K6P by     the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system     (e.g., PTS; EC 2.7._._, such as that native to an expression host     cell), using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), or by either glucose kinase     (e.g., Glk; EC 2.7.1.2; such as SEQ ID NO:20) or kanosamine kinase     (RifN; EC 2.7._; such as GenBank AAC01722, from AF040570), using     ATP; -   F. Conversion of K6P to 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-fructose-6-phosphate     (aminoF6P) by phosphoglucose isomerase (e.g., Pgi; EC 5.3.1.9; such     as SEQ ID NO:10); -   G. Conversion of aminoF6P to 1-imino-1-deoxy-D-erythrose-4-phosphate     (iminoE4P) by transketolase (e.g., TktA; EC 2.2.1.1, such as SEQ ID     NO:12), with conversion of D-ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) to     sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S7P); -   H. Conversion of iminoE4P to     4-amino-3,4-dideoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate     (aminoDAHP) by aminoDAHP synthase (e.g., RifH, such as SEQ ID NO:8),     using PEP; -   I. Conversion of aminoDAHP to 5-amino-5-deoxy-3-dehydroquinic acid     (aminoDHQ) by 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthase (e.g., AroB; EC     4.2.3.4, formerly EC 4.6.1.3; such as SEQ ID NO:14) or by aminoDHQ     synthase (e.g., RifG, such as GenBank AAC01717, from AF040570; AnsA,     such as GenBank AAD31832, from AH007725; or NapC, such as GenBank     AAD31825, from AF131877); -   J. Conversion of aminoDHQ to 5-amino-5-deoxy-3-dehydroshikimic acid     (aminoDHS) by DHQ dehydratase (e.g., AroD; EC 4.2.1.10, such as SEQ     ID NO:16) or by aminoDHQ dehydratase (e.g., RifJ, such as GenBank     AAS07762, from AF040570; or AnsE, such as GenBank AAD31834, from     AH007725); -   K. Conversion of aminoDHS to 5-amino-5-deoxyshikimic acid     (aminoshikimic acid) by shikimate dehydrogenase (e.g., AroE; EC     1.1.1.25, such as SEQ ID NO:18) using NADPH, by quinate/shikimate     dehydrogenase. (e.g., YdiB; EC 1.1.1.282; such as GenBank POA6D5,     from NC_(—)000913) using either NADH or NADPH, or by     aminoquinate/aminoshikimate dehydrogenase (e.g., Rifl, such as     GenBank AAC01719, from AF040570) using NADPH; and -   L. Conversion of aminoshikimic acid to a derivative or derivatives,     such as by multi-step chemosynthetic conversion of aminoshikimate to     an oseltamivir carboxylate.

Various embodiments of the present invention involve biosynthetic production of kanosamine. Referring to FIG. 1, some embodiments of the present invention can comprise the following steps:

-   A. Conversion of a simple carbon source to glucose-6-phosphate     (G6P); -   B. Conversion of G6P to 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) by     3KG6P dehydrogenase (e.g., YhjJ, such as SEQ ID NO:2); -   C. Conversion of 3KG6P to kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) by     3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate transaminase (e.g., YhjL, such as SEQ     ID NO:4); and -   D. Conversion of K6P to kanosamine by K6P phosphatase (e.g., YhjK,     such as SEQ ID NO:6).     In some embodiments where glucose-6-phosphate is already present, a     process for biosynthetic kanosamine production can be performed by     use of a process comprising steps B, C, and D, without requiring     step A.

This process for biosynthesis of aminoshikimate is anabolic, i.e. capable of using simple carbon sources as starting materials; thus, even though, e.g., step G is a catabolism, the overall process is anabolic. As indicated in step A, a simple carbon source may be used as the starting material for synthesis of G6P. A wide variety of different carbon sources may be used, including organic and inorganic carbon sources, provided that the host cell or enzyme system is capable of converting the carbon source to G6P, if the carbon source is other than G6P.

Where the carbon source comprises a biomolecule-type carbon compound, the carbon compound can be a primary metabolite-type compound. Examples of primary metabolite-type compounds include any of the, e.g., C1-C18: fatty acids, waxes, mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides; polyols; aliphatic hydroxy acids; phospholipids; phosphoacids; monosaccharides (e.g., trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, and the like); amino acids; and nucleotides; and hydrolysable homo- and hetero-oligomers (i.e., including -dimers) and -polymers obtainable from such compounds; and biologically activated forms of such compounds (e.g., acetyl-CoA). Biomolecule-type compounds may be of any origin, whether biological or synthetic. Other useful compounds include any small or non-complex organic compounds, i.e. generally C1-C18, aliphatic cycloaliphatic, and aromatic compounds, and the like, of any source, having a preferred monomeric complexity of 4 or fewer carbon-carbon branch points per 18 carbon atoms, e.g.: C1-C18 aliphatic hydrocarbons and their mono- and poly-acids, -alcohols, -amines, -carbonyls; and hydrolysable homo- and hetero-oligomers and -polymers formed therefrom.

Carbon sources comprising such small/non-complex organic(s), and/or primary metabolite-type compound(s), without substantial concentrations of (and preferably less than 10%-of-carbon-by-weight concentrations of) secondary metabolites or of larger-monomer-type or complex organic compounds are also referred to herein as “simple” carbon sources. As used herein, secondary metabolites include, e.g.: alkaloids; coumarins; polyketides; terpenoids, isoprenoids, sterols, steroids, and prostaglandins; catecholamines; porphyrins; xanthones; flavonoids; phenylpropanoids and phenolics (including, e.g., benzenoids and polyphenolics); and the like. Large or complex organic compounds are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic compounds, and the like, that have a monomeric compound size above C18 and/or a monomeric compound complexity above 4 carbon-carbon branch points per 18 carbon atoms.

In some embodiments, a carbon source can be a simple carbon source. Such simple carbon sources can contain from 0% to about 5%, more preferably from 0% to about 2%, or 0% to about 1%, or 0% to about 0.5%, or preferably about 0% by weight secondary metabolites and larger or complex organics; or can be free or at least substantially free of secondary metabolites and larger/complex organics. In some embodiments, a simple carbon source can comprise primary metabolite-type compound(s). Examples of useful primary metabolite-type compound(s) for use herein include: saccharides, e.g., mono- and/or di-saccharides; and polyols. Glucose, xylose, and arabinose are examples of a monosaccharide for use in a carbon source herein; glycerol is one example of a polyol therefore. In one embodiment hereof, a carbon source can comprise glucose, xylose, and/or arabinose, and such a carbon source can be employed throughout both the exponential growth phase and the maintenance phase of a host cell culture. In some embodiments, a combination of a monosaccharide(s) (e.g., glucose, xylose, and/or arabinose) and glycerol can be used, e.g., a 1:1 or 2:1 weight ratio; some embodiments can use such a combination as the carbon source during the maintenance phase, with monosaccharide(s) (without glycerol) being used during the exponential growth phase. Conversion of a simple carbon source to glucose-6-phosphate may be obtained, e.g., by gluconeogenesis, glucose phosphorylation, or conversion of saccharides or saccharols to G6P.

Steps D and E may be eliminated in some embodiments, including: those in which kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) is converted to aminoF6P at such a rate that no substantial pool of K6P accumulates, e.g., wherein phosphoglucose isomerase is overexpressed; those in which the host cells employed contain no, or at least no essential, glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase; those in which the host cells employed contain a glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase that is insensitive to inhibition by K6P; or those in which K6P is biosynthetically obtained in a first step, and then supplied to another organism or system that is to covert it to one of the downstream products, e.g., any of the sequential products from aminoF6P to aminoshikimate.

Where steps D and E are included, a host cell can supply a phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, which can react phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) with kanosamine to obtain K6P, with a pyruvate by-product. In some embodiments, a host cell can be one that lacks such a PTS, either naturally or by, e.g., gene manipulation, but that retains or is transformed to contain either a glucose kinase or a kanosamine kinase, both of which use ATP to provide the same phosphate functionality for K6P. J. L. Baez et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 73(6):530-35 (Jun. 20, 2001).

After biosynthesis of aminoshikimate by an enzymatic pathway hereof, the aminoshikimate can be recovered from the cells and/or culture medium, for example, by use of a cation exchange column. The aminoshikimate can then be further treated, either bio- or chemo-synthetically, or both. In some embodiments, a chemosynthetic treatment will be applied to form a derivative or derivatives thereof. Oseltamivir carboxylates can be derived thereby.

Enzyme Systems

Use of phrases such as “recombinant enzyme system” and “isolated or recombinant enzyme system” do not imply that all enzymes of the systems must be recombinant or isolated, but only that at least one member of the system is recombinant or isolated.

Systems for Aminoshikimate Biosynthesis

In some embodiments of an enzyme system according to the present invention, the enzyme system can comprise: (1) a 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) dehydrogenase, (2) a 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) transaminase, and (3) a 4-amino-3,4-dideoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (aminoDAHP) synthase. Though not bound by theory, it is believed that this combination of enzyme functionalities has not previously been prepared.

The enzyme system can contain, in addition to these three: (4) a phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi); (5) a transketolase (TktA); (6) a 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthase or a 5-amino-3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ) synthase; (7) a 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) dehydratase or a 5-amino-3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ) dehydratase; and (8) a shikimate dehydrogenase, a quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase, or an aminoquinate/aminoshikimate dehydrogenase. Where all 8 of these enzymes are present in a cell that requires N-acetylglucosamine synthesis, performed by a pathway involving glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, the culture medium can be supplemented with N-acetylglucosamine in order to decrease inhibition of the essential enzyme.

In some embodiments, an enzyme system according to the present invention can further comprise, in addition to the above 8, both: (9) a kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) phosphatase; and (10) a phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, a glucose kinase (Glk), or a kanosamine kinase.

In some embodiments, an enzyme system according to the present invention can further comprise (11) an enzyme or enzymes capable of producing glucose-6-phosphate from a carbon source. Yet, in embodiments in which 6GP is provided in or as the carbon source, these enzymes need not be present in the enzyme system. Other enzymes, non-enzymatic proteins, and factors may also be present with an enzyme system hereof. For example, multiple copies of any one of the genes (i.e. or operons) encoding enzymes of an enzymes system hereof may be used so that additional copies of those enzymes are present; a repressor protein, and its encoding gene, may be present.

Systems for Kanosamine Biosynthesis

The present invention further provides improved methods and enzymatic pathways for biosynthesis of kanosamine. Kanosamine, or 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-glucose (CAS No. 576-44-3) is an intermediate in a process for production of aminoshikimate hereby, which can, in some embodiments, be converted to a derivative, such as an oseltamivir carboxylate. Yet, kanosamine itself is useful: as an antiparasitic agent against oomycetes, such as Phytophthora and Pythium plant pathogens; as an antifungal agent against various plant and animal pathogens, such as Candida, Fusarium, Saccharomyces, Ustilago, and Verticillium; and as an antibiotic agent against, e.g., Staphylococcus, Erwinia, and Cytophaga. For example, in fungi, imported kanosamine is converted to kanosamine-6-phosphate, which acts as an inhibitor of fungal glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase.

In some embodiments, a biosynthetic kanosamine enzyme system can include (1) at least one 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) dehydrogenase, (2) at least one 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) transaminase, and (3) at least one K6P phosphatase, present with a source of glucose-6-phosphate, for example, present in a cell capable of converting a carbon source to G6P. These three enzymes are, respectively, capable of catalyzing the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P), 3KG6P to kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P), and K6P to kanosamine.

In some embodiments, the kanosamine so produced can be isolated for use. In some embodiments, the recombinant expression host cells containing kanosamine can be dried, lyophilized, or otherwise preserved for use in an agricultural, horticultural, veterinary, or other environmental application.

In some embodiments, a recombinant microbial expression host can be a cell capable of forming a protective spore or cyst, such as a bacterial protective spore, fungal spore, or protist cyst. Where such a microbe is employed, the host cell can be grown until such a protective stage is obtained and the resulting spores or cysts can then be used in agricultural, horticultural, veterinary, or other environmental applications, such as in the form of a dust or spray applied to plants or seeds, or to soil or other growth media: the spores or cysts can thereafter germinate to provide a live, microbial source of kanosamine production, e.g., on a treated plant. Representative examples of microbial host cells useful for production of such spores or cysts include, e.g., Bacillus, Pythium, and Trichoderma; microbial strains that are non-pathogenic for the subject to be treated can be used.

Similarly, in some embodiments, live-microbial-cells of recombinant host cells hereof, which are capable of kanosamine synthesis, can be applied directly to such subjects. Representative examples of microbes useful for such live-microbial-cell embodiments include any of the above spore- or cyst-forming microbes, as well as other environmentally-compatible microbes, such as environmentally-compatible bacteria of the genera, e.g., Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Azospirillum, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Serratia. Likewise, those microbial strains that are non-pathogenic for the subject to be treated can be used.

Nucleic Acids and Recombinant Cells

Novel nucleic acid encoding an enzyme system according to the present invention likewise can comprise genes (i.e. or operons) encoding at least the above combination of enzymes (1), (2), and (3): 3KG6P dehydrogenase, 3KG6P transaminase, and aminoDAHP synthase. Such novel nucleic acid may comprise genes (i.e. or operons) encoding at least enzymes (1) to (8), listed above, or at least the above-listed enzymes (1) to (10), or at least the above-listed enzymes (1) to (11). As further discussed hereinbelow, the genes or operons encoding enzymes of a pathway according to an embodiment of the present invention, may be constitutively expressed, or under the control of a regulatable promoter.

Examples of useful promoters include, e.g., Ptac, Plac, Ptrc, Ptrp, PT7, PL, and PR. These may be operatively attached to the coding sequences hereof by any techniques known in the art. Further regulatory regions to be included are transcription and translation termination signals and ribosome binding sites. Coding sequences hereof may be expressed as fusions with terminal nucleic acid encoding terminal peptide targeting signals, peptide labels, or other polypeptide fusion partners. The nucleic acid may be provided in the form of a multi-enzyme construct. Examples of such multi-enzyme constructs can include multiple coding sequences (i.e. more than one coding sequence) encoding a plurality (i.e. more than one) of enzymes to be expressed as part of a single polypeptide molecule, where the coding sequences are under the control of a single promoter. In some embodiments, each of the enzymes to be expressed in a given embodiment will be expressed from a coding sequence that is under the control of a promoter that is dedicated to that coding sequence and that can be the same or a different promoter from those of other coding sequences for the enzyme pathway, e.g., each coding sequence can be under the control of a separate copy of Ptac.

In some embodiments, nucleic acid can be provided in the form of a cloning or expression vector, such as a plasmid, cosmid, plasposon, viral genome, or artificial chromosome, e.g., a YAC or BAC. In some embodiments, all genes encoding enzymes in a pathway according to the present invention can be located on the same vector, or can be situated among two or more vectors. In some embodiments, all genes encoding enzymes in a pathway according to the present invention can be located in chromosomal DNA of a host cell, or can be situated among chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA in the host cell.

Cells that can be used as expression host cells are described below. Cloning hosts include the same range of host cells. Host cells may be transformed by any technique known in the art. In some embodiments, bacterial or fungal cells can be used. Molecular biological techniques for forming nucleic acid constructs and for transforming cells for cloning or expression purposes are well known in the art. For example, techniques described, e.g., in J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch & T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., 1989) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) can be used.

Enzymes System Formats

The biosynthetic process can be operated in a variety of different formats. An enzymatic pathway according to some embodiments may be present in a single organism or jointly among two or more cells or organisms. In some embodiments, a first cell or organism can contain enzymes for performing some of the steps, e.g., steps B through C or D and optionally step A, and a second cell or organism contain the other enzymes for performing the remainder of the pathway, e.g., steps E through K. In some embodiments, a cell or organism containing enzymes for performing steps B, C, and D, and optionally step A, can be employed to produce kanosamine. In some embodiments, the cells can comprise cultured cells from a multicellular organism, whether differentiated or dedifferentiated; in some embodiments, the organisms can be single-cell organisms. In some embodiments, in which the cells are walled cells, the cells can comprise protoplasts or spheroplasts or both.

Thus useful cells include animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells (including yeast cells), bacterial cells, archaeal cells, protist cells, and the like. In some embodiments, the cells can comprise plant cells, fungal cells, bacterial cells, or algal cells. In some embodiments, the cells can comprise fungal cells or bacterial cells. Useful bacterial cells include, e.g., eubacteria, such as the proteobacteria. In some embodiments, the proteobacteria can be gamma proteobacteria, such as an enterobacterium, e.g., Escherichia coli, or a pseudomonad, e.g., Pseudomonas fluorescens. E. coli strain W3110 may be obtained as ATCC No. 27325 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA); and P. fluorescens strain Pf-5 may be obtained as ATCC No. BAA-477.

The process can be operated in the form of an immobilized enzyme bioreactor(s), or in the form of a cell lysate(s) or mixture of cell lysates. Two-stage processes can also be used in which an intermediate, e.g., kanosamine or kanosamine-6-phosphate, can be formed in a first bioreactor, lysate, cell, or organism, which intermediate can then be provided to a second stage organism, cell, lysate, or bioreactor for completion of the biosynthesis.

In some embodiments, host cells used can be any that contain a functioning shikimate synthesis pathway, in which case the Aro-type enzymes of steps 1, J, and K can be supplied by the host cell's native complement of biocatalysts. In such cells, for example in bacterial cells having a functioning shikimate synthesis pathway, the host cell can be transformed with either or both of host-cell-expressible DNA encoding: (1) a step B and a step C enzyme, e.g., .YhiJ and YhiL, and in some embodiments also a step D enzyme, e.g., YhiK; and (2) a step H enzyme, e.g., RifH.

In some embodiments, a host cell can be constructed by transforming it with expressible DNA encoding at least one of the steps B through K enzymes (referring to FIG. 1), where the host cell provides the remaining enzymes of the pathway. In some embodiments, all 8 or 10 of the biosynthetic activities may be provided by transforming the host cell with as many host-cell-expressible genes.

Fermentation Conditions

A culture of whole cells used in a method for producing aminoshikimate according some embodiments of the present invention can utilize conditions that are permissive for cell growth and those that permit the cultured cells to produce anabolic aminoshikimate. As used herein, the terms culturing and fermentation are used interchangeably, and fermentative metabolism is not required herein. In some embodiments, some (e.g., yhjj, yhjL, rifH, and optionally yhjk) or all of the aminoshikimate pathway enzymes can be expressed throughout the cell culture period, e.g., constitutively; yet, in some embodiments, it is desirable to begin expressing some (e.g., yhjj, yhjL, rifH, and optionally yhjK) or all of the pathway enzymes only near the end of the exponential growth phase (EGP). The same holds true for some embodiments in which yhjj, yhjL, and yhjK are to be expressed for kanosamine production. Where a later expression is desired, a pathway enzyme(s) coding sequence(s) under the control of a regulated promoter generally can be activated or derepressed when about 70 to 100%, or when about 70 to about 90%, or when about 70 to about 80% of EGP has elapsed. Examples of promoters useful for this purpose include the tac, T5, and T7 promoters; induction may be made using lactose or a gratuitous inducer such as IPTG (isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside).

In some embodiments hereof, a recombinant microbial cell, such as a recombinant bacterial host cell can be used as a whole cell biocatalyst herein. Examples of bacteria useful for this purpose include proteobacteria; examples of useful proteobacteria include the gamma proteobacteria, such as enterobacteria and pseudomonads; Escherichia spp., such as E. coli, and Pseudomonas spp., such as P. fluorescens, are useful examples of these. Host cells can be used that lack or have been treated to decrease or eliminate protease activities that would be capable of degrading the aminoshikimate synthesis pathway enzymes. In bacteria, Lon and OmpT are two examples of proteases that can be advantageous absent, decreased, or eliminated, e.g., by mutation.

In the case of E. coli, fermentation temperatures can be from about 20 to about 37° C., or from about 25 to about 37° C., or about 30 to about 37° C. In the case of P. fluorescens, fermentation temperatures can be from about 20 to about 30° C., or from about 27 to about 30° C., or from about 24 to about 27° C.

Fermentations can be performed in any format, whether batch, fed batch, continuous, and the like. In some embodiments, an extractive fermentation mode can be employed, wherein a cation exchange medium can be used to recover aminoshikimate from the culture medium during fermentation. In such an embodiment the cation exchange medium can be applied in any useful mode known in the art, e.g.: cation exchange beads can be mixed with and then recovered from the culture; a cation exchange column can be used to process the fermentation medium during fermentation, and the resulting aminoshikimate-depleted effluent can be returned to the fermentation tank; a cation exchange membrane may be employed; and so forth. Similarly, after any fermentation, whether extractive or non-extractive, or any other enzymatic synthesis of aminoshikimate according to an embodiment hereof, has been performed, resulting cells can be lysed and any resulting lysate and/or remaining culture media can be contacted with a cation exchange medium for recovery of aminoshikimate. Other useful aminoshikimate separation or fractionation techniques known in the art can be used alternatively or in addition. Similarly, fermentations for kanosamine production can utilize any such fermentation mode and kanosamine by be recovered using an ion exchange medium or any other useful recovery technique known in the art.

Derivatives

In some embodiments, aminoshikimate, kanosamine, or an intermediate between kanosamine and aminoshikimate, produced by a biosynthetic process hereof can be converted to derivative(s) thereof. In some embodiments, biosynthetic kanosamine hereof, by conversion to its aminoDSH derivative, or biosynthetic aminoshikimate hereof, by conversion to its aminoDHS precursor, can be converted to aminoDHS derivative(s), of which an exemplary class includes the 3-hydroxy-5-amino benzoic acid derivatives, i.e. the 3-amino-5-hydroxy benzoic acid (AHBA) derivatives. AminoDHS can be converted to AHBA as described, e.g., by R. J. Cox, “Biosynthesis,” in Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. B (Organic Chemistry) 94:187-206 (1998), at p. 202 (Royal Society of Chemistry; RSC Publ., Cambridge, GB; DOI: 10.1039/oc094187). AHBA is useful as a precursor of the ansamycin and mitomycin antibiotics, and it is also useful in combinatorial synthesis for development of pharmaceuticals, e.g., see Dankwardt et al., Molec. Divers. 1(2):113-20 (February 1996).

In some embodiments, an exemplary class of aminoshikimate derivatives includes the 4,5-diamino shikimic acid derivatives, i.e. the 4,5-diamino-4,5-dideoxyshikimic acid derivatives; these and their salts are useful as viral neuraminidase inhibitors. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,403,824 to Abrecht et al. and 6,462,226 to Mair. An exemplary subclass of 4,5-diamino shikimic acid derivatives includes the oseltamivir carboxylates.

Oseltamivir carboxylates are potent inhibitors of viral neuraminidases and are useful as antiviral agents. As used herein, oseltamivir carboxylates include oseltamivir carboxylate itself, as well as esters, salts, and complexes thereof, which in some embodiments can be pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and complexes. Oseltamivir carboxylate is an isomer of 3-O-(pentan-3-yl)-4-acetylamino-5-amino-4,5-dideoxyshikimic acid, and has the formula (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetylamino-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, and the CAS Registry No. 187227-45-8.

Exemplary oseltamivir carboxylate esters include C1 to C18 aliphatic esters; in some embodiments, these can be C1 to C4 esters, or C2 esters. The C2 (i.e. ethyl) ester of oseltamivir carboxylate is referred to as “oseltamivir” or “oseltamivir free base,” which has the formula (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetylamino-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, and is assigned CAS Registry No. 196618-13-0.

Exemplary oseltamivir salts and complexes include phosphoxy acid, sulfoxy acid, nitroxy acid, and carboxy acid salts and complexes; in some embodiments, the salts and complexes can be phosphate salts and phosphoric acid complexes. In some embodiments, a member of the oseltamivir carboxylates can be both an ester, and a salt or complex, of oseltamivir carboxylate; in some embodiments, one such member can be oseltamivir phosphate, which has CAS Registry No. 204255-11-8.

Oseltamivir phosphate, the active ingredient in TAMIFLU, has the formula (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetylamino-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, phosphate (1:1), and can be considered as either a complex or a salt formed between phosphoric acid and the 5-amino group of oseltamivir, i.e. as a 5-N-salt or 5-N-complex. Oseltamivir free base and oseltamivir phosphate are oseltamivir carboxylate ethyl ester pro-drugs that, following administration to humans or, e.g., vertebrate animals, are deesterified in vivo to form the viral-neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir carboxylate.

One of ordinary skill in the organic chemistry art will recognize many useful chemosynthetic routes for converting aminoshikimate (aminoSA) to a 4,5-diamino shikimic acid derivative, such as an oseltamivir carboxylate, e.g., osletamivir or oseltamivir phosphate.

In some embodiments, as in the case of oseltamivirs and similar compounds, desired outcomes of transforming aminoSA thereto can include: converting the 1-carboxyl group to a 1-carboxyl ester, e.g., the ethyl ester; converting the 3-(R)-hydroxy group to a 3-(R)-ether group, e.g., the pentan-3-yl ether; converting the 4-(S)-hydroxy group to a 4-(R)-acylamino group, e.g., the acetylamine; and converting the 5-(R)-amino group to a 5-(S)-amino group. These conversions can be performed in a variety of orders.

For example, in some embodiments, aminoSA can be treated by: (1) protecting the aminoSA 5-amino group by reaction with benzaldehyde to form a 5-N-imine; (2) esterifying the acid group with ethanol; (3) ketalizing the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups using diethyl ketone and p-toluenesulfonic acid, followed by ketal reduction to obtain a 3-O-(pentan-3-yl) ether while restoring the 4-hydroxy group, in a proportion of the molecules of the resulting mixture of isomers, and optionally recovering the isomer having the desired stereochemistry either at this point or later in the process; (4) mesylating the 4-hydroxy group with mesyl chloride in triethylamine, followed by transimination with allylamine and then aziridination to obtain a (fused) 4,5-aziridine ring, while also removing the imine partner from the 5-N; (5) opening the 4,5-aziridine ring with allylamine, followed by transimination and then acid hydrolysis to obtain a 4-amino group, while creating a 5-N-allyl substituent; (6) acetylating the 4-amino group to obtain a 4-acetylamino group; and (7) deallylating the 5-N-allyl to restore a 5-amino group, and forming a phosphate salt (or complex) therewith, to thereby obtain oseltamivir phosphate.

In some embodiments, aminoshikimate can be chemosynthetically converted to oseltamivir by operation of a process such as that illustrated in FIG. 4. Such a process can comprise: (a) esterifying the acid group with acidified ethanol, and (b) acetylating the 5-amino group with acidified acetic anhydride; (c) mesylating the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups with mesyl chloride (i.e. methanesulfonyl chloride) in triethylamine; (d) aziridinating the 4-O-mesyl and 5-acetylamine groups with potassium t-butoxide in t-butyl alcohol to form a fused 4,5-aziridine ring in which the nitrogen remains acetylated; (e) opening the resulting 4,5-(acetyl)aziridine ring with ammonia to restore a 5-amino group, while creating a 4-acetylamine group; (f) aziridinating the 3-O-mesyl and 4-acetylamine groups with potassium t-butoxide in t-butyl alcohol to form a fused 3,4-aziridine ring in which the nitrogen remains acetylated; and (g) opening the resulting 3,4-(acetyl)aziridine ring with the potassium pentoxide, (CH₃CH₂)CHO⁻K⁺, in sec-n-amyl alcohol, (CH₃CH₂)CHOH, to restore a 4-acetylamine group while creating a 3-O-(pentan-3-yl) group, thereby obtaining oseltamivir.

Treatment of oseltamivir with an acid, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, e.g., phosphoric acid, can be performed to obtain oseltamivir additional salts, such as oseltamivir phosphate. Aminoshikimic acid produced according to an anabolic biosynthetic process hereof can be converted thereby to oseltamivir and/or to oseltamivir phosphate for use, e.g., in viral neuraminidase inhibitory compositions and treatments.

Other useful 4,5-diamino shikimic acid derivatives include: those having other hydrocarbyl groups, which are other than pentan-3-yl, as 3-0 ether partners, e.g., C1-C8, or C1-C6 hydrocarbyl; those having other acyl groups, which are other than acetyl, as 4-N acylamino partners, e.g., C1-C12, or C1-C6 acyl; and/or those having other hydrocarbyl groups (obtainable from alcohols), which are other than ethyl, as 1-carboxy ester partners, e.g., C1-C12, or C1-C6 hydrocarbyl. In some embodiments, the 3-O-ether partner, the 4-N acylamino partner(s), and the 1-carboxy ester partner, respectively can be C18 or smaller hydrocarbyl, C18 or smaller acyl, or C18 or smaller hydrocarbyl. In some embodiments, non-aromatic hydrocarbyl and non-aromatic acyl partners can be used at all. Further derivatives and further examples of chemistries that can be used in forming 4,5-diamino shikimic acid derivatives of aminoSA herein include those described in C. U. Kim et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119(4):681-90 (1997).

Useful derivatives of aminoSA include, but are not limited to such 4,5-diamino shikimic acid derivatives. In addition, in some embodiments, an aminoshikimate starting material for production of aminoshikimate derivatives by any of the above chemosynthetic processes, can be obtained from any source. In some such embodiments, the aminoSA can be obtained by operation of other biosynthetic pathways, by operation of chemosynthetic pathways, or by a combination of such synthesis types. Yet, in some embodiments, an aminoshikimate starting material can comprise aminoshikimate produce by a biosynthetic process according to the present invention.

Compositions

Kanosamine, oseltamivir carboxylates, or other pharmaceutically useful derivatives produced from kanosamine or aminoshikimate according to some embodiments of the present invention can be formulated for human or veterinary administration. For example, antiviral pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared that contain at least one oseltamivir carboxylate derivative of aminoshikimate synthesized in an embodiment of the present invention. Techniques useful for preparing compositions for administration to human or animal subjects are commonly known in the art, and any such techniques may be employed in preparing a composition according to an embodiment of the present invention. See, e.g., A R Gennaro, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) (18th ed.; Mack Publishing Co.), hereby incorporated by reference.

The composition comprising the oseltamivir carboxylate or other derivative can be prepared in any useful format, such as a parenteral tablet, capsule, solution, powder, and the like. The formulation may contain any one or more of: fillers or binders, such as saccharide or saccharide alcohol fillers or binders (e.g., starch, sorbitol) or polyvinylpyrrolidone fillers or binders (e.g., povidone K 30); disintegrants, such as cellulose alkyl ethers (e.g. croscarmellose sodium); smoothing or processing agents, such as talc; lubricants, such as fatty acids and fatty acid esters (e.g., sodium stearyl fumarate); drug release modifying agents, such as gums (e.g., xanthan gum); salts or buffers, such as sodium citrate; stabilizing agents or preservatives, such as sodium benzoate; taste-enhancing agents, such as sweeteners (e.g., saccharin) and flavorings; colorants or whiteners, such as titanium dioxide; and so forth.

Similarly, kanosamine biosynthesized in various embodiments hereof can be formulated for human, veterinary, agricultural, horticultural, or other environmental administration.

Kits

In some embodiments of the present invention, a kit can be provided that contains isolated or recombinant nucleic acid comprising at least one aminoshikimate pathway gene hereof, or at least yhjJ, yhjL, and rifH, with instructions for using the nucleic acid to construct a transformant host cell capable of synthesizing aminoshikimate by operation of an enzymatic pathway hereof. In some embodiments of the present invention, a kit can be provided that contains isolated or recombinant nucleic acid comprising at least one kanosamine pathway gene hereof, or at least yhjj, yhjL, and YhjK, with instructions for using the nucleic acid to construct a transformant host cell capable of synthesizing kanosamine by operation of an enzymatic pathway hereof.

In some embodiments, a kit can be provided that contains at least one transformed cell containing nucleic acid encoding at least one recombinant enzyme of an aminoshikimate or kanosamine synthesis pathway hereof, with instructions for using the cell to biosynthesize aminoshikimate or kanosamine thereby. In some embodiments, a kit can be provided that contains at least one isolated or recombinant enzyme of an aminoshikimate or kanosamine synthesis pathway hereof, with instructions for using the enzyme(s) to biosynthesize aminoshikimate or kanosamine thereby. The kits may further contain buffers, salts, e.g., MgCl₂; controls; reporter genes; stabilizing agents, e.g., polyethyleneglycols (PEGs), saccharides such as trehalose or sucrose, PEG-saccharides such as PEG-dextran, and the like; additional instructions and/or reagents for converting the aminoshikimate or kanosamine to a useful derivative thereof; and the like. The biomolecules or cells provided in the kit may be provided lyophilized, frozen, or in any other convenient form.

The present invention is further illustrated through the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1

E. coli SP1.1 cells are selected as the host cells for synthesis of aminoshikimic acid from glucose. E. coli SP1.1, whose formation as genomically serA-derivatives from E. coli strain RB791 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,552, is available as the host cell of the transformed cell lines E. coli SP1.1/pKD12.112 and E. coli SP1.1/pKD12.138, which are available under ATCC Nos. 98905 and 207055 from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209. As is the case for bacteria generally, E. coli SP1.1 cells contain enzymes, and their encoding genes, that are capable of performing steps A, E, F, G, I, J, and K of an aminoshikimate biosynthesis pathway according to some embodiments of the present invention.

E. coli SP1.1 cells are transformed with plasmid pJG11.233. Plasmid pJG11.233 carries the whole yhjLKJ gene cluster from B. subtilis, the aminoDAHP synthase encoding gene, rifH, from A. mediterranei, and the aroE, serA, tkta, and lacl^(Q) loci from E. coli, with the yhjLKJ, rifH, and aroE components each being under the control of the tac promoter. The resulting amplified expression of aroE-encoded shikimate dehydrogenase is intended to enhance the expected conversion of aminoDHS into aminoshikimic acid; and amplified expression of tktA is intended to increase the rate of transketolase-catalyzed ketol transfer from aminoF6P to generate iminoE4P (FIG. 1). The plasmid localized serA gene allows the serA-host strain to grow in minimal salts medium lacking L-serine supplementation.

Cultivation of E. coli SP1.1/pJG11.233 in minimal salts medium with 10 g/L of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and 1 mM IPTG for 60 h at 33° C. under fermentor-controlled conditions leads to the synthesis of 0.05 g/L of aminoshikimic acid, 1.0 g/L of kanosamine, and 1.3 g/L of shikimic acid (FIG. 2). A cation exchange resin is then used for the straightforward separation of aminoshikimic acid from kanosamine, shikimic acid, and the other components of the culture medium.

Example 2

According to one synthetic scheme (FIG. 1), kanosamine 6-phosphate could be directed into the synthesis of aminoshikimic acid without the redundant dephosphorylation and phosphorylation steps D and E if the yhjK-encoded kanosamine 6-phosphate phosphatase activity is depleted (FIG. 1). Plasmid pJG11.265 is made accordingly, which carries all the genes on plasmid pJG11.233 except for yhjk. The cultivation of E. coli SP1.1/pJG11.265 under conditions identical to those of Example 1, however, results in host cell death after induction with IPTG (1 mM). It appears that kanosamine-6-phosphate can inhibit glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, which is necessary for the cell's biosynthesis of N-acetylglucosamine-containing peptidoglycan and lipid A. To partially relieve the inhibition, N-acetylglucosamine (10 mM) is added to the culture medium. After 60 h of cultivation, E. coli SP1.1/pJG11.265 production of 0.06 g/L of aminoshikimic acid, trace amount of kanosamine, and 3.1 g/L of shikimic acid is found.

Table 2 summarizes the results of all three fermentations. TABLE 2 Product concentrations for catalysts when grown under equivalent culture conditions. aminoSA^(b) SA^(b) Kanosamine Entry Construct (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) 1 E. coli 0.05 1.3 1.0 SP1.1/pJG11.233 2A E. coli 0 0 0 SP1.1/pJG11.265 2B^(a) E. coli 0.06 3.1 Trace SP1.1/pJG11.265 ^(a)N-Acetylglucosamine (10 mM) is added to the culture medium. ^(b)Abbreviations: aminoSA, aminoshikimic acid; SA, shikimic acid.

As a result, the cells comprising an enzyme system according to an embodiment of the present invention are the first single-cell catalysts that are capable of biosynthesizing aminoshikimic acid directly from D-glucose in a low energy process, as the enzymatic pathways hereof represent the first low-energy aminoshikimate biosynthetic route.

The examples and other embodiments described herein are exemplary and not intended to be limiting in describing the full scope of materials, compositions and methods of this invention. The above description of various embodiments will suggest to one of ordinary skill in the art other useful embodiments. Equivalent changes, modifications and variations of specific embodiments, materials, compositions and methods may be made with substantially similar results. 

1. An isolated or recombinant aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system comprising: (1) a 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) dehydrogenase, (2) a 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) transaminase, and (3) a 4-amino-3,4-dideoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (aminoDAHP) synthase, wherein the enzyme system is capable of catalyzing conversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P), 3KG6P to kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P), K6P to 1-imino-1-deoxy-D-erythrose-4-phosphate (iminoE4P), iminoE4P to 4-amino-3,4-dideoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (aminoDAHP), and aminoDAHP to aminoshikimate.
 2. The enzyme system according to claim 1, wherein said enzyme system further comprises: (4) a phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi); (5) a transketolase (TktA); (6) a 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthase, 5-amino-3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ) synthase, or combination thereof; (7) a 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) dehydratase, 5-amino-3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ) dehydratase, or combination thereof; and (8) a shikimate dehydrogenase, quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase, or aminoquinate/aminoshikimate dehydrogenase, or combination thereof.
 3. The enzyme system according to claim 2, wherein said enzyme system further comprises: (9) a kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) phosphatase; and (10) a phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, a glucose kinase (Glk), or a kanosamine kinase.
 4. The enzyme system according to claim 1, wherein said enzyme system is present in at least one cell.
 5. The enzyme system according to claim 4, wherein said enzyme system is present in a single cell.
 6. The enzyme system according to claim 2, wherein said enzyme system is present in a single cell.
 7. The enzyme system according to claim 6, wherein the cell further comprises exogenously supplied N-acetylglucosamine.
 8. The enzyme system according to claim 4, wherein said cell comprises any of plant cells, animal cells, human cells, fungal cells, bacterial cells, protist cells, and archaeal cells.
 9. The enzyme system according to claim 8, wherein said cell comprises any of plant cells, fungal cells, bacterial cells, and protist cells.
 10. The enzyme system according to claim 9, wherein said cell comprises any of fungal cells and bacterial cells.
 11. The enzyme system according to claim 10, wherein said cell comprises any of bacterial cells.
 12. The enzyme system according to claim 11, wherein said cell comprises any Escherichia coli.
 13. The enzyme system according to claim 1, wherein said enzyme (1) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, said enzyme (2) comprises. the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, and said enzyme (3) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 14. The enzyme system according to claim 2, wherein said enzyme (4) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, said enzyme (5) comprises. the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, said enzyme (6) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14, said enzyme (7) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16, and said enzyme (8) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18.
 15. The enzyme system according to claim 3, wherein said enzyme (9) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6, and said enzyme (10) comprises. the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20.
 16. A process for producing 5-amino-5-deoxyshikimic acid (aminoshikimate) comprising the steps of: A) providing: 1) a carbon source, and 2) an isolated or recombinant aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system according to claim 1, provided that if the carbon source does not comprise G6P then the enzyme system is also capable of catalyzing conversion of the carbon source to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P); and B) contacting the carbon source with the enzyme system under conditions in which the enzymes are able to catalyze their respective reactions; whereby aminoshikimate is produced.
 17. The process according to claim 16, wherein said enzyme system comprises: (4) a phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi); (5) a transketolase (TktA); (6) a 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthase, 5-amino-3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ) synthase, or combination thereof; (7) a 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) dehydratase, 5-amino-3-dehydroquinate (aminoDHQ) dehydratase, or combination thereof; and (8) a shikimate dehydrogenase, quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase, or aminoquinate/aminoshikimate dehydrogenase, or combination thereof.
 18. The process according to claim 16, wherein said enzyme system comprises: (9) a kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P) phosphatase; and (10) a phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, a glucose kinase (Glk), or a kanosamine kinase.
 19. The process according to claim 16, wherein said enzyme system is present in at least one cell.
 20. The process according to claim 19, wherein said enzyme system is present in a single cell.
 21. The process according to claim 19, wherein said cell comprises any of plant cells, animal cells, human cells, fungal cells, bacterial cells, protist cells, and archaeal cells.
 22. The process according to claim 21, wherein said cell comprises any of plant cells, fungal cells, bacterial cells, and protist cells.
 23. The process according to claim 22, wherein said cell comprises any of fungal cells and bacterial cells.
 24. The process according to claim 23, wherein said cell comprises any of bacterial cells.
 25. The process according to claim 24, wherein said cell comprises any Escherichia coli.
 26. Nucleic acid encoding an aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system according to claim
 1. 27. The nucleic acid according to claim 26, wherein said nucleic acid comprises DNA.
 28. The nucleic acid according to claim 26, wherein said nucleic acid comprises a vector.
 29. The nucleic acid according to claim 26, wherein said vector is any one of a plasmid, cosmid, transposon, or artificial chromosome.
 30. The nucleic acid according to claim 26, wherein the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (1) comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (2) comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, and the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (3) comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:7.
 31. The nucleic acid according to claim 30, wherein said nucleic acid comprises: nucleic acid encoding enzyme (4) that comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (5) that comprises. the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (6) that comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:13, the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (7) that comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:15, and the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (8) that comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.
 32. The nucleic acid according to claim 31, wherein said nucleic acid comprises: nucleic acid encoding enzyme (9) that comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, and nucleic acid encoding enzyme (10) that comprises. the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:19.
 33. An isolated or recombinant cell comprising an aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system according to claim
 1. 34. An isolated or recombinant cell comprising expressible nucleic acid encoding an aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system according to claim
 1. 35. A process for preparing a derivative of aminoshikimate comprising, providing biosynthetic aminoshikimate by operation of a process according to claim 16, and biosynthetically or chemosynthetically modifying the aminoshikimate to form a derivative thereof.
 36. The process according to claim 35, wherein the modification is a chemosynthetic modification that converts the aminoshikimate to an oseltamivir carboxylate.
 37. The process according to claim 35, wherein the modification is a chemosynthetic modification that converts the aminoshikimate to oseltamivir phosphate.
 38. A process for preparing oseltamivir phosphate, comprising providing biosynthetic aminoshikimate by operation of a process according to claim 16, and chemosynthetically converting the 1-carboxyl group thereof to an ethyl ester group, the 3-hydroxyl group thereof to a 3-O-(pentan-3-yl) ether group, the 4-hydroxyl group thereof to a 4(R)-acetylamino group, and the 5-amino group to a 5(S)-amino phosphate salt or complex, thereby obtaining oseltamivir phosphate.
 39. Aminoshikimic acid prepared by a process according to claim
 16. 40. An aminoshikimic acid derivative prepared by a process according to claim
 35. 41. The derivative according to claim 40, wherein the derivative comprises any one or more of oseltamivir carboxylate, oseltamivir carboxylate salts, oseltamivir carboxylate esters, and oseltamivir carboxylate ester salts.
 42. The derivative according to claim 41, wherein the oseltamivir carboxylate salts include oseltamivir phosphate, oseltamivir carboxylate esters, and oseltamivir carboxylate ester salts.
 43. Oseltamivir phosphate prepared by a process according to claim
 35. 44. A composition comprising an aminoshikimate derivative produced by a process according to claim
 35. 45. A composition comprising an oseltamivir carboxylate produced by a process according to claim
 36. 46. An isolated or recombinant kanosamine biosynthesis enzyme system comprising: (1) at least one 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) dehydrogenase, (2) at least one 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P) transaminase, and (3) at least one K6P phosphatase, wherein the enzyme system is capable of catalyzing the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 3-keto-D-glucose-6-phosphate (3KG6P), 3KG6P to kanosamine-6-phosphate (K6P), and K6P to kanosamine.
 47. The enzyme system according to claim 46, wherein said enzyme system is present in a cell.
 48. The enzyme system according to claim 47, wherein said cell comprises any of plant cells, fungal cells, bacterial cells, and protist cells.
 49. The enzyme system according to claim 48, wherein said cell comprises any of fungal cells and bacterial cells.
 50. The enzyme system according to claim 49, wherein said cell comprises any of bacterial cells.
 51. The enzyme system according to claim 50, wherein said cell comprises any Escherichia coli.
 52. The enzyme system according to claim 46, wherein said enzyme (1) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, said enzyme (2) comprises. the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, and said enzyme (3) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.
 53. A process for producing kanosamine comprising the steps of: A) providing: 1) a carbon source, and 2) an isolated or recombinant kanosamine biosynthesis enzyme system according to claim 46, provided that if the carbon source does not comprise G6P then the enzyme system is also capable of catalyzing conversion of the carbon source to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P); and B) contacting the carbon source with the enzyme system under conditions in which the enzymes are able to catalyze their respective reactions; whereby kanosamine is produced.
 54. The process according to claim 53, wherein said enzyme system is present in a cell.
 55. The process according to claim 54, wherein said cell comprises any of plant cells, fungal cells, bacterial cells, and protist cells.
 56. The process according to claim 55, wherein said cell comprises any of fungal cells and bacterial cells.
 57. The process according to claim 56, wherein said cell comprises any of bacterial cells.
 58. The process according to claim 57, wherein said cell comprises any Escherichia coli.
 59. Nucleic acid encoding a kanosamine biosynthesis enzyme system according to claim
 46. 60. The nucleic acid according to claim 59, wherein said nucleic acid comprises DNA.
 61. The nucleic acid according to claim 59, wherein said nucleic acid comprises a vector.
 62. The nucleic acid according to claim 59, wherein said vector is any one of a plasmid, cosmid, transposon, and artificial chromosome.
 63. The nucleic acid according to claim 59, wherein the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (1) comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (2) comprises. the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, and the nucleic acid encoding enzyme (3) comprises the base sequence of SEQ ID NO:5.
 64. An isolated or recombinant cell comprising a kanosamine biosynthesis enzyme system according to claim
 46. 65. An isolated or recombinant cell comprising expressible nucleic acid encoding a kanosamine biosynthesis enzyme system according to claim
 46. 66. A process for preparing a derivative of kanosamine comprising, providing biosynthetic kanosamine by operation of a process according to claim 53, and biosynthetically or chemosynthetically modifying the kanosamine to form a derivative thereof.
 67. Kanosamine prepared by a process according to claim
 53. 68. A kanosamine derivative prepared by a process according to claim
 66. 69. A composition comprising kanosamine produced by a process according to claim
 53. 70. A composition comprising a kanosamine derivative prepared by a process according to claim
 66. 71. A kit comprising nucleic acid encoding an enzyme of an enzyme system according to claim 1, with instructions for use thereof to produce an anabolic kanosamine or aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system or to produce kanosamine, aminoshikimate, or a derivative thereof.
 72. The kit according to claim 71, wherein said nucleic acid is provided within a cell.
 73. The kit according to claim 71, wherein said kit contains nucleic acid encoding all enzymes of the anabolic kanosamine or aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system.
 74. A kit comprising an enzyme of an enzyme system according to claim 1, with instructions for use thereof to produce an anabolic kanosamine or aminoshikimate biosynthesis enzyme system or to produce kanosamine, aminoshikimate, or a derivative thereof.
 75. The kit according to claim 74, wherein said enzyme is provided within a cell.
 76. The kit according to claim 74, wherein said kit contains all enzymes of the anabolic kanosamine or aminoshikimate enzyme system. 